# real life probability problems with solutions

Explore states of matter and the processes that change cow milk into a cone of delicious decadence with this Ice Cream, Cool Science activity. Ideas, Inspiration, and Giveaways for Teachers. We obtain 6 Armstrong Road | Suite 301 | Shelton, CT | 06484, $10,000 IN PRIZES! \pi_1 &= p \pi_0+(1-p) \pi_2\\ Consider the Markov chain in Figure 11.17. For all$i \in S$, define Now, we can write Note that since$\frac{1}{2} \lt p \lt 1$, we conclude that$\alpha>1. All rights reserved. Here are 26 images and accompanying comebacks to share with your students to get them thinking about all the different and unexpected ways they might use math in their futures! Consider the Markov chain shown in Figure 11.21. \nonumber P = \begin{bmatrix} r_1 &=1+\sum_{k} t_k p_{1k}, \end{align*} &= \sum_{j=0}^{\infty} \alpha^j \pi_0, &(\textrm{where } \alpha> 1)\\ wheret_k$is the expected time until the chain hits state$1$given$X_0=k$. Ask Dr. To find$t_3$and$t_4$, we can use the following equations More specifically, let$T$be the absorption time, i.e., the first time the chain visits a state in$R_1$or$R_2. We conclude that there is no stationary distribution. Solution. \begin{align*} \end{align*} We can now write \begin{align*} For state1$, we can write t_i&=E[T |X_0=i]. Find$E[R|X_0=1]. \frac{1}{3} & 0 & \frac{2}{3} \\[5pt] Math: FAQ Probability in the Real World . \begin{align*} P(X_1=3)&=1-P(X_1=1)-P(X_1=2) \\ To find the stationary distribution, we need to solve &=1+ \frac{2}{3} t_3, \end{align*} Here, we can replace each recurrent class with one absorbing state. Let's write the equations for a stationary distribution. By the above definition, we havet_{R_1}=t_{R_2}=0. \begin{align*} t_k&=1+\sum_{j} t_j p_{kj}, \quad \textrm{ for } k\neq 1. But the underlying skills they develop in math class—like taking risks, thinking logically and solving problems—will last a lifetime and help them solve work-related and real-world problems. \begin{align*} Solving the above equations, we obtain P(X_1=3,X_2=2,X_3=1)&=P(X_1=3) \cdot p_{32} \cdot p_{21} \\ \frac{1}{2} & \frac{1}{4} & \frac{1}{4} \\[5pt] 49_P_6 = ----- = 10,068,347,520 43! \end{align*}, Here, we can replace each recurrent class with one absorbing state. &=\infty \pi_0 . In our problem, we want to find 49_P_6, which is equal to: 49! In this question, we are asked to find the mean return time to state1$. If$\pi_0=0$, then all$\pi_j$'s must be zero, so they cannot sum to$1$. You opponent bet all-in 100,000 making the pot 180,000. Therefore, the above equation cannot be satisfied if$\pi_0>0. & \pi_1 =\frac{1}{2} \pi_1+\frac{1}{3} \pi_2+\frac{1}{2} \pi_3, \\ Finally, we must have Here we follow our standard procedure for finding mean hitting times. &=1+ \frac{1}{4} t_3. \begin{align*} t_4 &=1+\frac{1}{4} t_{R_1}+ \frac{1}{4} t_3+\frac{1}{2} t_{R_2}\\ Similarly, for anyj \in \{1,2,\cdots \}, we obtain Let’s explain decision tree with examples. The state transition diagram is shown in Figure 11.6, First, we obtain \begin{align*} Does this chain have a limiting distribution? This chain is irreducible since all states communicate with each other. Almost all problems I have heard from other people or found elsewhere. R = \min \{n \geq 1: X_n=1 \}. Is the stationary distribution a limiting distribution for the chain? As graphical representations of complex or simple problems and questions, decision trees have an important role in business, in finance, in project management, and in any other areas. \end{align*} Nicely done! \end{align*} t_1&=0,\\ Specifically, we obtain Here are few example problems with solutions on probability, which helps you to learn probability calculation easily. where\alpha=\frac{p}{1-p}$. Again assume$X_0=3. \end{align*} Put your students in the role of an arch-villain’s minions with Science Friction, a STEM Behind Hollywood activity. Use of Bayes' Thereom Examples with Detailed Solutions. We find \pi_1 \approx 0.457, \; \pi_2 \approx 0.257, \; \pi_3 \approx 0.286 \end{align*} \begin{align*} HOLIDAY GIVEAWAYS FOR TEACHERS, Classroom Coding & Robotics … Everything You Need to Get Started, Protected: Classroom Talk-to-Text Project, Science Friction, a STEM Behind Hollywood activity, 22 Crafty Holiday Ideas for the Non-Crafty Teacher, The 22 Best Preschool Songs for Rest Time, Join the WeAreTeachers Influencer Network. . Probability in the real world. \begin{align*} This means that either all states are transient, or all states are null recurrent. \begin{align*} \end{align*} ?” We know, it’s maddening! Specifically, The above stationary distribution is a limiting distribution for the chain because the chain is irreducible and aperiodic. \begin{align*} &=\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{3}\\ Example 1 One of two boxes contains 4 red balls and 2 green balls and the second box contains 4 green and two red balls. \pi_2 &=\frac{p}{1-p}\pi_1. \pi_0 &=(1-p)\pi_0+(1-p) \pi_1, We would like to findE[T|X_0=3]$. \frac{1}{2} & \frac{1}{2} & 0 The chain is aperiodic since there is a self-transition, i.e.,$p_{11}>0\$. \begin{align*} \begin{align*} \end{align*} Find the stationary distribution for this chain. \pi_1 &=\frac{p}{1-p}\pi_0. Here are 26 images and accompanying comebacks to share with your students to get them thinking about all the different and unexpected ways they might use math in their futures! \end{bmatrix}. \begin{align*} The resulting state diagram is shown in Figure 11.18 Figure 11.18 - The state transition diagram in which we have replaced each recurrent class with one absorbing state.

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